It may be useful to distinguish between violence, as a performative act and a system of signs, and terror, as the effect of such actions on the wider social field within which bandits operate. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Recommended for you What Is A Group Of Rabbits Called? Exciting Facts You Must Know! Chicago, 1935. Comeche, Juan Antonio Martnez, ed. In banditry, as in feuding, from which it in part derives, personalized violence is crucial and finely graded; the intensity of violence, however distasteful to a modern sensibility, suggests a form of control. "Genuine" banditry always seems to have existed in the past, never in the present. Translated by Sergio Waisman. . Two pioneer historians who emphasized the social aspects of banditry were Franco Molfese and Eric Hobsbawm. Bandits Kill 518 in Zangon Kataf in Five Years, Says ACDA The absence of what Eric J. Hobsbawm has named "social banditry" in some territories led to the popular idealization of ordinary robbers, interpreting their deeds as a primitive form of social protest. Runaway slaves or maroons sometimes became highwaymen, stealing from travelers to survive. How authorities have responded to this form of prepotency (either through savage repression or co-option of strongmen) has itself influenced responses to banditry at the local level. Banditry could be a tactic of rural elites as well as the rural poor; outlaw networks often cut across class lines. In a number of places, however, bandits belonged to the peasantry through their presence in widely circulated chapbooks, which popularized and contemporized bandits. It wasnt until the early 20th century that the term gained popularity. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The most famous French bandit of all times was Louis Dominique Cartouche (16931721), a celebrated Parisian outlaw, whose name became synonymous with "highway robber" to the French. Novelists (such as Edmond About and Prosper Mrime) traveled to remote places in Greece and Corsica, for example, to ground their texts in direct experience and observation. He spoke of "pathological aberrations" and "ultra violence" as a manifestation of the "primitive" nature of bandits' rebellion, but he could not explain it adequately. The use of privateers allowed states to project maritime power beyond the capabilities of their regular navies, but there were trade-offs. Instead of blithely accepting bandit images from folk legends and literature as fact, scholars must use them as lenses for viewing peasant cultures. On both sides, the struggle was waged with both conventional navies and state-sanctioned sea bandits called corsairs. They are much like traditional knights, only they're a whole group, they've never been knighted and aren't members of nobility. Some bandits actually had a settled life and were even married. In Sicily the bandit Salvatore Giuliano's ambiguous notoriety in the post-1945 period, created partly through extensive press coverage, derived from his expression of regional Sicilian aspirations, despite the fact that he also massacred peasants. Rabbits can be called colonies, fluffles, herds, warrens, or nests when in a group, depending on the context. In Brazil, Silvino and Lampio cooperated with elites, not the peasant masses. There were so many cimarrn (wild, feral) bandits on the rural roads between central Peru and Salta in Argentina that they became a favorite topic in fiction, such as the short novels of Juana Manuela Gorriti, Gubi Abaya and El ngel cado. [21] Also, policies and conditions in the Capital Region provided opportunities for soldiers/bandits to dodge governmental punishment. Following their restoration in 1815, the Neapolitan Bourbons, rulers of Sicily, attempted to abolish feudalism and enclose common holdings, sub, Serbs Political banditry often required outside support to be successful. Gonzlo G. Snchez and Donny Meertens, Bandoleros, gamonales y campesinos: El caso de la Violencia en Colombia (1983). Turpin's popular image entails many legends. In addition to the highly developed economy of Beijing, the Region also contained numerous commercial cities; these cities not only attracted merchants but also bandits. In many societies, such as in southern Spain, Sicily, Greece, and the Balkans, banditry had a predominantly agro-pastoral base. The peasant villages that purportedly supported and sustained social bandits did not exist in the bandit-infested areas of western Cuba. Basingstoke, U.K., 1988. 139149. [13] Whistling arrow bandits had troubled the Capital Region throughout the first three decades of the sixteenth century. [13] They had posed such serious threat that special police attention was given to them and failure to arrest them on time incurred severer punishment (further information on Ming justice system can be found in History of criminal justice). In Greece banditry was intimately grounded in pastoralism and even had a seasonal cycle based on movements from the plains to the mountains. -. What should I call bands of armed men in the Middle Ages? Banditry in Islam: Case Studies from Morocco, Algeria, and the PakistanNorth West Frontier. To compound matters, official government sources often purposely blur the distinction between bandit and revolutionary. On page 245 of A History of Crime in England, there is a record of the exploits of a gang leader called "Adam the Leper.". Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. [23], Bandits technique involved the martial skills to use various weapons, ranging from bows and arrows to swords. Kiba no Tabishounin - The Arms Peddler (Manga) - TV Tropes In both cases, there was a political consciousness and agenda at work, a situation not typical of the pre-political social bandit. An effective and determined official, empowered by influential superiors or eunuchs, could pose a severe threat to bandits survival. He set himself up outside the community and thus as the ultimate sacrificial victim. 2023 LoveToKnow Media. . Stories about bandits should be treated as texts to be deconstructed. Stories about bandits are therefore an intrinsic part of the phenomenon. [3], In Nazi-occupied Europe from 1939 to 1945, the German doctrine of Bandenbekmpfung ("bandit fighting") portrayed opponents of the Greater Germanic Reich as "bandits" dangerous criminals who did not deserve any consideration as human beings. Ithaca, N.Y., 1994. . Its hard to say if lions are actually proud or what that even means to them, but pride was actually a pretty archaic term for a social unit of lions (back when they were spelledlyons). In historical settings where these practices were common, the line between privateer and pirate was blurred. Two famous Italian politicians, Luigi Franchetti and Sidney Sonnino, who conducted a wide-ranging investigation in Sicily in the late nineteenth century, noted that, unless one introduced the notion of complicity, it was difficult to understand why there was such widespread peasant submission to the activities of bandits. From the perspective of the modern nation-state, bandits (or brigands, a term more popular in the nineteenth century) are criminals who resist the civilizing power of the state through violence, brutality, extortion, theft, and protection rackets. Just to reiterate: Animal group names arent official. They did not switch sides for financial gain but instead labored for a political, partisan, or regional agenda. Tradition depicts medieval German robber barons as bandits. The term is derived from the Roman-law concept of status rei Romanae, i.e., the public law of th, Bandicoots (Peramelidae and Peroryctidae), https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry. According to Hobsbawm, bandits were symptoms of major transformations in society, but they did not themselves transform it; they were activists, not ideologues, and after World War II they disappeared. During the Mexican Revolution, peasants formed regional bandit gangs to combat the encroachment of large haciendas or other forces of change that disrupted traditional Indian village life. J "Banditry While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [30] Other than escaping to difficult terrains, powerful bandits used their connections with high-standing figures in the capital to negotiate safety. They might move from the outside to the inside or vice versa. ." 9 Most Outrageous Outlaw Heroes - bandits - Oddee There can be no doubt that the discontent of the underprivileged, impoverished, and sometimes marginalized sectors of the population occasionally erupted into popular or mostly local food riots; but it also expressed itself on a smaller scale as "social "Il brigantaggio nel Mezzogiorno dopo l'Unit d'Italia." We know that a woman called Mara Bonita died with Lampio in a hail of gunfire in 1938. William M. "Bill" Dalton, born in 1866, was an outlaw as well and mainly rode . Ming China was largely an agricultural society and contemporary observers remarked that famine and subsequent hardship often gave rise to banditry. The more protected an individual was, especially by powerful patrons, as in Sicily, the less he needed to use violence for the meanings it could convey and the more opportunities he had to employ ambiguity and courtesya point noted by many outside observers, although such courtesy must surely have been ironic. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. In Ottoman times, the many wars in the Balkans left poverty and anarchy in their wakesuitable conditions for the work of brigands and bandits. B for Butterflies A group of butterflies is called a kaleidoscope (and when you imagine a massive group of them all taking wing it's easy to see why!) Bracewell, Catherine Wendy. The Redbrands mostly consisted of humans, male and female, although a handful of halflings and bugbears were also in the bandit group. Geschichte des niederen jdischen Volkes in Deutschland: Eine Studie ber historisches Gaunertum, Bettelwesen und Vagantentum. [26], The career nor the identity of a bandit was permanent. In early twentieth-century southern Bolivia, the peasants used banditry, mass mobilization, or litigation, depending on the strength of their corporate identity and cohesiveness. a group of bandits | English examples in context | Ludwig Likewise, stories about bandits should not be treated as primary raw data on the bandits themselves or as simple expressions of hidden peasant aspirations, but rather as the result of a process of elaborated discourse (including textual discourse and reinterpretation) about power relations within society. An extreme form is contemporary political brigandage, which merges with political terrorism, blending political programs, covert violence, and protection rackets. Collective Nouns for Mammals Noted for their fur (or hair) and ability to produce milk to feed their young, mammals come in all shapes and sizes. See "Letteratura e Mafia," pp. [37] The rebellion took the Ming almost two years to crush. From a statist perspective "banditry" can be labeled as a certain type of violent behavior, but it may not be viewed this way at the grass roots. Rescue Imo From Political Bandits, Gangsters, Group Tells Stakeholders In 1510 and 1511, several bandit gangs under the leadership of Liu Brothers, Tiger Yang raided and plundered Shandong and Henan. Guerrilla bandits (discussed below) are one example of those who profited from disorder. Harmondsworth, U.K., 1985. Danker, Uwe. Louis A. Prez, Jr., Lords of the Mountain: Social Banditry and Peasant Protest in Cuba, 18781918 (1989). The major haunts of bandits in the early modern period were the Dalmatian highlands between Venice and Turkey, the vast frontier region of Hungary, Catalonia, the Pyrenees near the French border, and some of the low mountain regions in the Holy Roman Empire (e.g., Spessart, Westerwald). The owner would thus be forced to complete the bitter destruction of his own herd. The Brazilian "good thief," Antnio Silvino, followed the leads of his father and godfather into bandit life. Meet the original thugs. ." . Hobsbawm, Eric. Neither solely a prepolitical form of protest nor a means of suppressing peasant unrest, it may have performed these functions among others. As an exchange between individuals, banditry thus employed a specific set of finely graded messages involving violence to the body and property of the victim. There is evidence that this popular bandit really practiced some kind of redistribution of wealth. The other French bandit-hero of the eighteenth century, Robert Mandrin (17241755) In the Balkans, the recorded history of haiduks goes back to the fifteenth century, but popular ballads about their lives and deeds did not flourish before the middle of the eighteenth century. Not all of those creatures are particularly social or hang out in groups, but for those that do, youre treated to schools and fevers. One 1485 official report revealed that local people, some probably working as fences (see Fences in Ming China), purchased stolen animals and goods from highway bandits at lower prices. They mostly sustained themselves by hunting wild game, but they did also commit piracy when the opportunity arose. Social banditry is a widespread phenomenon that has occurred in many societies throughout recorded history, and forms of social banditry still exist, as evidenced by piracy and organized crime syndicates. But bandit myth, like most myth, expresses only half-truths. That power can also be manifested in the paradoxical expressiveness of silencethe unspoken stories that say it all. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Women played only a minor role in banditry. ." Some common criminals simply brutalized and abused their fellow men. As shown above, a large number of bandits were actually garrison soldiers and had access to and able usage of weapons and armors. They used their prepotency and violence to protect their kins' interests and thus ensure the support of family against betrayal to the state. had marks left on them. One example was Gao Yingxiang, who started as a mounted bandit in Shaanxi and later became an important rebel leader in late Ming. 2 vols. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. And with that comes plenty of collective nouns for each of those exoskeletal creatures, from armies to clouds. It was a form of crime that rose out of political and social crisis, especially in areas over which the government could exercise only very little control, above all mountainous regions and often frontier zones. Now they were seen as living ancestors who inhabited a different time and who had to be tamed in the modern republic. Argentina's rural poor identified with the persecution suffered by legendary gauchos like Juan Moreira and Martn Fierro. "Bandits and Boundaries in Sardinia." 75107. 3 (1990): 7-53. Bandits. They would sail in privately owned armed ships, robbing merchant vessels and pillaging settlements belonging to a rival country. [34] Another example would be Deng Maoqi, a bandit in Fujian who perpetrated robbery on roads and in villages in the late 1440s. Unsurprisingly, this view of the South aroused the ire of local intellectuals and politicians. Such profiteers formed whatever alliances they deemed useful. [28], The career of banditry often led leaders to assemble more bandits and army deserters and organize predatory gangs into active rebel groups. Through the destruction of animals or other property of the offender, or even the killing of some other person, a surrogate victim is created. Even if folk views of heroic bandits do not reflect historical reality, they do reflect much about the yearnings and values of Latin America's rural masses. In sum, Latin American elites and masses both participated in banditry. [39], Marauding was one of the most common peasant reactions to oppression and hardship. Bandit Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary The packaging of the myth of banditry in nationalist political rhetoric cannot be disregarded as unrelated to historical and anthropological analysis. His letters and broadsides show a clear political agenda, not typical of Hobsbawm's social bandit. The term corsair is tied to the Mediterranean Sea, where, from roughly the late 14th century to the early 19th century, the Ottoman Empire dueled with the Christian states of Europe for maritime supremacy. Gambetta, Diego. Where there was no (state) law, Rousseau discerned justice; where the people were oppressed, Rousseau anticipated freedom; where the ancien rgime recognized anarchic, bloodthirsty bandits, he discerned exemplary citizens capable of discipline. A widespread and effective climate of fear would in any case be difficult to maintain if it were to be reduced to the potential violent actions of a few individuals, unless it were supported by a consent bandits received at the local level. ." But piracy is a much more universal phenomenon. What is a Group of Rabbits Called? This was the case in Corsica, southern Italy (Calabria), and Sicily in the early nineteenth century, when the British supported their "chivalrous brigand-allies" against the French. Sicarii | Jewish sect | Britannica "Banditry Ancient History, Middle Ages and Feudalism. A cauldron of bats is simply the term most commonly used for a group of bats. [17], The Capital Region also housed a huge number of soldiers with Ming's system of hereditary military and a major portion of bandits were actually soldiers stationed in the region. Bandits were portrayed in texts as outsiders and hence dangerous, as residues from the past and hence ambiguous, or as insiders and hence admirable. Billy Jaynes Chandler, The Bandit King: Lampio of Brazil (1978). If you cover your face with a bandanna, jump on your horse, and rob the passengers on a train, you're a bandit. This box-office success, which was later reissued under the completely inappropriate title Sword of Blood, is part of the ongoing popularization and romanticization of the premodern underworld.
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