The government perceived a new determination among the ordinary citizens,[68] especially among previously apathetic urbanites who were angered by the communist attacks. Thieu and wife wait to receive guests 9 ft 3. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. Specific targets of this proposed policy were Generals Minh, Trn Vn n, L Vn Kim and Mai Hu Xun. So For-People Hospital[note 2] was inaugurated at the end of 1971. Citation information The rebels had also failed to seal the highways into the capital to block loyalist reinforcements. Thiu gave contradictory orders to Trng to stand and fight or withdraw and consolidate, leading to mass panic and collapse in the south of the country. Her finance, Nguyen Tan Trieu is completing application forms for Pitt's graduate school of public and international affairs. [121][122] In the face of rapid communist advances, Thiu had sent a delegation to Washington in early March to request an increase in aid. When a fight broke out in public last month between the Corcoran Art Gallery's director, Gene Baro, and its executive officer, Vincent Melzac, the Washington art world was stunned. Nguyen Van THIEU | Senior Researcher | Phenikaa University, Hanoi The newlyweds, Mr. Thieu and about 100 guests received communion. "[23], Dim remained a taboo subject until Thiu became president. [2] "It is inhumane. The daughter of President Nguyen Van Thieu of South Vietnam and her fiance are seeking admission to the University of Pittsburgh. [61] More than 70,000 homes had been destroyed and the nation's infrastructure was severely damaged. See the article in its original context from. [111][114][115] The town was therefore lightly defended and communists outnumbered defenders by more than 8:1. Dim was captured and executed and Thiu made a general. [46] The plot continued over the next month with US encouragement, especially when evidence emerged that Khnh wanted to make a deal with the communists. [97][98] Due to Thiu's insistence on not surrendering any territory, the army was spread very thinly, defending useless terrain along a 600 mile (966km) frontier, while the strategic reserve was occupied in static defensive roles. Thiu had decided to abandon Pleiku and Kon Tum so that the II Corps forces could concentrate on retaking Bun Ma Thut, which he considered more important. Despite criticism of the authoritarian nature of his regime, he retained the support of the United States throughout the administrations of the U.S. presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard M. Nixon. [58][59], Under US insistence on constitutional rule, elections for the presidency and legislature were scheduled. By 6:37, the palace fell. [11], Thiu transferred to the National Military Academy in Lt. [27], Fearing that he could be toppled by the intensifying protests, Khnh made concessions,[29] repealing the new constitution and police measures, and promising to reinstate civilian rule and remove the Cn Lao, a Catholic political apparatus covertly used to maintain the Dim regime in power by seeking out dissenters, etc. [100][144][146][147] Until mid-March, the North Vietnamese had only tried to cut the highways, despite having five divisions and 27 further regiments. [13] Other sources blame K. [8] Thiu said, "By August of 1946, I knew that Vit Minh were Communists They shot people. Thieu played an important part in a successful coup against Diem in 1963. In 1971, Minh claimed that Thiu had caused the deaths by hesitating and delaying the attack on Gia Long Palace, implying that if Dim was captured there, junior officers could not have killed him while in a small group. Then the judge had second thoughts and declared a mistrial, rescinding the fine. President Nguyen Van Thieu's only daughter was married in Saigon on Friday in two glittering ceremonies - one traditional Vietnamese and one Catholic. Nguyn Vn Thiu | Military Wiki | Fandom The Fall of Saigon: How the Vietnam War Ended in 1975 - HistoryNet [8] After a year, he was given his officer's commission, but he rejected a position on a ship when he discovered that the French owners were going to pay him less than his French colleagues. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. So, apparently, was Mr. Baro, who said Mr. Melzac gave him such a punch in the head that the wound took five stitches to close. He made the decision in the beginning to follow the constitutional road, not to rule with a clique of generals, which many of them expected he would do. CAMP PENDLETON, Calif., May 10Charges that eight years of corrupt control of South Vietnam made former President Nguyen Van Thieu one of the richest men in the world have provoked shay. "[125][126] With respect to the I and II Corps Zones, he drew a series of phase lines on the map indicating that South Vietnamese forces should hold what they could,[126] but that they could redeploy southward if needed. He was educated at the National Military Academy in Hue. Today it is called officially as the Unification Hospital. [61] 630,000 new refugees had been generated, joining the nearly 800,000 others already displaced by the war. [160] The South Vietnamese tried to evacuate from the other urban enclaves into Nng, but the 1st Division collapsed after its commander, Brigadier General Nguyn Vn Dim, angered by Thiu's abandonment, told his men that "We've been betrayed [i]t is now "sauve qui peu" ["every man for himself"] See you in Nng. The necessary territory included coastal areas where oil had been discovered on the continental shelf. If you do, ask nh to send more troopsand do it quickly because after taking the palace you will be made a general. There were some obstacles because Mai Anh was a Catholic, while Thiu was Buddhist. Nguyen Van Thieu Dies - The Washington Post [104], On 6 January 1975, Phc Long City became the first provincial capital permanently seized by the communists. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In Santa Barbara, Calif., Walter Brennan, the actor, was released from a hospital where he had undergone surgery for an abdominal ailment. [172][173] When his hometown of Phan Rang fell, retreating ARVN troops showed their disgust at Thiu by demolishing his family's ancestral shrines and graves. [100][144] Thiu laid out his plan to consolidate a smaller proportion. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nguyen-Van-Thieu. Madame Thiu, the First Lady, was seen weeping at a requiem mass for Dim at the Saigon Notre-Dame Basilica. [9] He promised democracy, social reform and vowed to "open wide the door of peace and leave it open". [180], The week-long fighting that erupted on 8 April in and around Xun Lc was the most significant engagement of the entire offensive. [48] At this stage, Taylor and his staff in Saigon thought highly of Thiu, C and Cang as possible replacements for Khnh. [8] He futilely offered to represent the refugee community in reconciliation talks with Hanoi so exiles could be allowed to return home. This was speculated to be due to the fact that many of the HNC members were old, and did not appreciate the generals' negativity towards seniors. 2001-10-01 04:00:00 PDT Boston-- Nguyen Van Thieu, . In 1967 he was elected president under a new constitution promulgated in that year. What Led to the Fall of Saigon? - History The secondyoungest ambassador in the Washington diplomatic corps, Nicholas Gonzalez Revilla of Panama, who is 27, spent his first working day in his new post visiting the State Department and introducing himself to Secretary of State William P. Rogers. It added to the fall of the highlands, which had already earned Thiu much criticism. First, the promoter of the Bluegrass festival in Fairfax County, Va., was fined $500 by Judge Donald C. Crounce in county court for holding the event in violation of camping permit regulations. [49], Thiu took a cautious approach, as did C and Cang, and they were pre-empted by Colonel Phm Ngc Tho, an undetected communist double agent, who launched a coup with Pht on a hardline Catholic platform without US backing. [31], The division among the generals came to a head at a meeting of the MRC on 26/27 August. Description. According to one of his closest advisors Nguyn Tin Hng, he became "suspicious secretive and ever watchful for a coup d'tat against him. [56] They imposed censorship, closed many newspapers that published material deemed unacceptable, and suspended civil liberties. That evening Trng ordered a retreat to a new defense line at the M Chnh River to defend Hu,[156] thereby ceding all of Qung Tr Province. Nguyen Van Thieu - Google Scholar [22] Dng Vn Minh, the junta and coup leader, was generally blamed for having ordered Dim's assassination, but there has been debate about the culpability. There are now six Vietnamese students at the university. Despite this, Thiu agreed to join the coup against Ng nh Dim in November 1963 in the midst of the Buddhist crisis, leading the siege on Gia Long Palace. However, there are . "[192][193] He added, "The United States did not keep its word. Having discussed their urban problems in a conference in Tokyo, the mayors of some of the world's largest cities began to get out of town. [145][151] [39] This prompted US Ambassador Maxwell D. Taylor to angrily berate Thiu, Thi, K and Cang in a private meeting and threaten to cut off aid if they did not reverse their decision. [5], Prior to the Fall of Saigon, President Thiu announced his resignation on television. He was reelected without opposition in 1971. Journal of Hydrology 617, 129034, 2023. This provoked widespread anti-Hng demonstrations and riots across the country, mainly from conscription-aged students and pro-negotiations Buddhists. Mr. Gonzalez, an economist who has been advising his Government at home, spent 15 minutes with Mr. Rogers and was said to have made an excellent im pression on the Secretary and other State Department officials. The US ambassador to South Vietnam, Ellsworth Bunker, told former Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird about Thiu: "He is an individual of very considerable intellectual capacity. He served as President while the US withdrew from the country in 1973, and remained in power until shortly before the final collapse of the country in April 1975. m ci din ra ti Giao ng Si Gn cung vi bin php an ninh nghim ngtDateline: Saigon Date: 19/01/1973Source: AP Archive Nguyen Van Thieu | Biography, Facts, & Vietnam War Born in Phan Rang in the south central coast of Vietnam, Thieu joined the communist-dominated Vit Minh of H Ch Minh in 1945 but quit after a year and joined the Vietnamese National Army (VNA) of the French-backed State of Vietnam. [197], He settled in London, having obtained a visa there because his son was studying at Eton College. By the end of 1968, 8% of the populace was living in a refugee camp. [15][16] After a brief but violent battle that killed around 400 people, the coup attempt was crushed. Category:Nguyn Th Mai Anh - Wikimedia Commons The newlyweds both studied in Switzerland and will honeymoon somewhere on the way to the United States, where they will study at the University of Pittsburgh. [148], Meanwhile, the North Vietnamese closed in on Nng amid the chaos caused by Thiu's confused leadership. Nguyen Van Thieu, president of South Vietnam during war - SFGATE "[8] He defected and moved to Saigon and joined the forces of the French-backed State of Vietnam. She always kept the simple lifestyle of a kind and tolerant woman of the Mekong Delta. The President's daughter graduated this year from a private school in France, and her fiance graduated from a French business college. Nguyen Van Thieu, who has died aged 78, was the president of South Vietnam who surrendered his nation to the northern Communist regime in 1975 after the withdrawal of American forces; he never . On 11 November 1960, Colonels Vng Vn ng and Nguyn Chnh Thi launched a coup attempt against President Ng nh Dim, but after surrounding the palace, they stopped attacking and decided to negotiate a power-sharing agreement. Mr. Gonzalez, who is married and the father of two children, replaced an older Panamanian diplomat, Jos Antonio de la Ossa, who is 41. [4] However, after April 30 sorrowful event[note 4], it has been expropriated to treat high-ranking officials by the new regime. At the time of the attack on Saigon, Thiu was out of town, having travelled to celebrate the new year at his wife's family's home at M Tho in the Mekong Delta. But even if you are brave, you can't just stand there and bite the enemy. They and Khnh wanted to forcibly retire officers with more than 25 years of service, as they thought them to be lethargic, out of touch, and ineffective, but most importantly, as rivals for power. As her family were wealthy herbal medicine practitioners, she was greatly influenced by the feudal order and family especially in the way she treated people. As her family were wealthy herbal medicine practitioners, she was greatly influenced by the feudal order and family especially in the way she treated people. In 1951, he married the daughter of a prosperous practitioner of native medicine in the Mekong Delta, Nguyen Thi Mai Anh. [68], Thiu used the period to consolidate his personal power. Photo Gallery | Richard Nixon Museum and Library To allow the two to work together, their fellow officers had agreed to have a military body controlled by K shape policy behind the scenes. "[126], The critical decision was made on 14 March when Thiu met with Ph. The groom wore an embroidered red ao dai in the morning when he came to President Thieu's home bearing gifts for his bride, then switched to a black suit for the church service. [10] I Corps fielded three infantry divisions, the elite Airborne and Marine Divisions,[100][144] four Ranger Groups and an armored brigade,[145] under the command of Ng Quang Trng, regarded as the nation's finest general. In 1969, she established the Women's Volunteer Service Organization[note 1] towards calling for donations to build an infirmary for low classes and working completely free, certainly. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. Three of the four ARVN corps commanders were replaced for poor performance during the offensive. He stretched his own forces thinly by launching offensives that regained most of the territory captured by PAVN forces during the 1973 campaign, and retook 15% of the total land area controlled by the communists at the time of the cease-fire. Thiu gradually moved up the ranks of the junta by adopting a cautious approach while other officers around him defeated and sidelined one another. [190][191], In a rambling and incoherent speech,[9] Thiu went on to excoriate the US, attacking "our great ally, [the] leader of the free world". Originally a Buddhist, he converted to Roman Catholicism when he married a doctor's daughter. Centre Point, 106 Nguyen Van Troi, Ward 8, Phu Nhuan . However, after further deadlock, Khnh, Minh, and Khim were put together in a triumvirate to resolve the problem, but tensions remained as Khnh dominated the decision-making. [163] Only around 16,000 soldiers were pulled out,[166] and of the almost two million civilians that packed Nng, little more than 50,000 were evacuated. [119][120] ARVN forces began to rapidly shift positions in an attempt to keep the North Vietnamese from quickly pushing eastward to the coastal lowlands along Route 21. Sir Desmond Plummer of London went to Hong Kong for a stopover on his way to Peking. The remainder of the force deserted or began looting. Offshore oil deposits were thought to be nearby. Thieu handed control to Tran Van Huong, the 72-year-old half-blind vice president. [74] This started between March and November 1974,[75] when the communists attacked Quang Duc Province and Bin Ha. [2][3] He was a general in the Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF), became head of a military junta in 1965, and then president after winning an election in 1967. The ARVN and the Americans repelled the communist onslaught. Nguyen Van Thieu | Real Life Heroes Wiki | Fandom Because much of the air travel was affected by the attacks, the couple was stuck in Hawaii for more than a week. [122][139] Buoyed by their easy triumph the North Vietnamese overran the whole region. Nguyn Vn Thiu died on 29 September 2001 of a stroke in the aftermath of September 11. His impetuosity and rough handling of political opponents got the better of him, however, and he was relegated to the less important role of vice president. He has been acting more and more like a politician, getting out into the country, following up on pacification, talking to people, seeing what they want. ng presented a plan for the relief of Phc Long,[104] but it was rejected because a lack of reserve forces of sufficient size available,[104] a lack of airlift capability,[104] and the belief that the besieged defenders could not hold out long enough for reinforcements. [32] Prominent officers associated with the i Vit included Thiu and Khim. As the only candidate, Thiu was thus easily re-elected on 2 October, receiving 94% of the vote on an 87% turn-out,[72] a figure widely held to be fraudulent. Nguyn, Vn Thiu (Nguyen Van Thieu) 1923- 2001 - Wilson Center ws ceremonial guard marching 2. mcu soldier with assualt rifle 3. ws police jeep 4. ms guard of honor stand at ease 5. cu peasant woman watching 6. ws guard of honor car arriving7. Ky served as Nguyen Van Thieu's prime minister between June 1965 and October 1967. [100][144], Thiu called Trng to Saigon on 19 March to detail his withdrawal plan. [188][189] In his televised farewell speech during which he was close to tears, he admitted, for the first time, having ordered the evacuation of the Central Highlands and the north that had led to debacle. [5], Thiu has been described as dictatorial, similar to Ng nh Dim. [26], In August 1964, the current junta head, General Nguyn Khnh, who had in fact deposed Minh and his colleagues in January or at least heavily weakened him as he had to formally retain Minh in recognition of the United States' will decided to increase his authority by declaring a state of emergency, increasing police powers, banning protests, tightening censorship and allowing the police arbitrary search and imprisonment powers. [13] Thiu kept a low profile, and in 1990 even the Foreign Office claimed to have no information on his whereabouts. Ordered to hold Xuan Loc at all costs by South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu, the badly outnumbered 18th Division repelled PAVN attacks for nearly two weeks before being overwhelmed. They later moved to London before settling in Boston, Massachusetts. [142] The planned operation to retake Bun Ma Thut never materialized because II Corps had been reduced to only 25% strength. Nguyn Vn Thiu cht - VnExpress [55], In mid-1965, Thiu became the figurehead chief of state of a military junta, with K as the prime minister. Nguyen Van Thieu (5 April 1923-29 September 2001) Nguyen Van Thieu presided over two critical periods in the decline of South Vietnam. She never questioned the behavior of subordinates. [110] General Vn Tin Dng planned to take Bun Ma Thut,[111] using 75,00080,000 men to surround the city before capturing it. Exterior Thieu's villa 6 ft 2. He was a general in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), became head of a military junta in 1965, and then president after winning a scheduled election in 1967. [129], Thiu sketched on the map those areas which he considered most important, all of the III and IV Corps Tactical Zones. October 1, 2001. This was exacerbated by a three-day delay when the convoy encountered a broken bridge and had to rebuild it. [119] After reviewing the situation, Thiu pulled out a small-scale map of South Vietnam and discussed the possible redeployment of the armed forces to "hold and defend only those populous and flourishing areas which were really most important". ng Nguyn Vn Thiu. President's family [79] According to Vietnamese Air Force General ng Vn Khuyn, "Our leaders continued to believe in U.S. air intervention even after the U.S. Congress had expressly forbidden it [T]hey deluded themselves. Nguyn Th Mai Anh (20 June 1930[1] 15 October 2021), commonly known as Madame Nguyn Vn Thiu (Vietnamese: Phu-nhn Tng-thng Thiu), served as First Lady of South Vietnam (Vietnamese: Nht-phm Phu-nhn) from 1967 to 1975. [10], On 11 November 1960, Colonels Vng Vn ng and Nguyn Chnh Thi launched a coup attempt against President Ng nh Dim, but after surrounding the palace, they stopped attacking and decided to negotiate a power-sharing agreement. ", "Announcement: US Troops To Be Replaced By South Vietnamese", United States Army Center of Military History, "Political Monks: The Militant Buddhist Movement during the Vietnam War", Nguyen Van Thieu, 78; S. Vietnam's President, Nguyen Van Thieu Is Dead at 76; Last President of South Vietnam, Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem, South Vietnamese military ranks and insignia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nguyn_Vn_Thiu&oldid=1151818232, Vietnamese emigrants to the United States, Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party politicians, Converts to Roman Catholicism from Buddhism, Recipients of the Distinguished Service Order (Vietnam), Recipients of the National Order of Vietnam, Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam), Recipients of the Croix de guerre des thtres d'oprations extrieures, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 26 April 2023, at 12:43. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. [6][7], Born in Phan Rang on the south central coast of Vietnam, Thiu was a son of a small, well-off landowner who earned his living by farming and fishing. The fall of South Vietnam [25], Thiu was rewarded with membership in the 12-man Military Revolutionary Council led by General Minh, and served as the secretary general;[10] the leading figures in the MRC were Generals Minh, Trn Vn n, L Vn Kim and Tn Tht nh. [8], When World War II ended, Thiu joined the Vit Minh,[8] led by H Ch Minh, whose goal was to gain independence for Vietnam from France. In 1971, the groom's older brother married the daughter of Premier Tran Thien Khiem. Nguyn Th Mai Anh.jpg 543 760; 69 KB. "[151][155][157] The people of Qung Tr and Hu began to leave their homes by the hundreds of thousands, joining an ever-growing exodus toward Nng. [70][71] A crack-down on the South Vietnamese press followed and there was a return of some of Dim's Cn Lao members to positions of power. The fact that both planes (American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175) that crashed into the World Trade Center had departed from Logan International Airport in Boston, had certain psychological effects on Thiu and also affected his health. [8] With no rifles, Thiu's class of Vit Minh recruits trained in jungle clearings with bamboo. His regime first approved of public memorial services for Dim upon the eighth anniversary of his death in 1971, and this was the third year that such services were permitted. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. [200], He died on 29 September 2001, aged 78, at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, after he collapsed and was put on a respirator due to a stroke which he suffered at his Foxborough home. [127] These areas were to become, in Thiu's words: "Our untouchable heartland, the irreducible national stronghold. The push for this major offensive came mostly from North Vietnam's defence minister Vo Nguyen Giap and party secretary Le Duan, who had the support of Moscow. [60], During the Lunar New Year of 1968, the communists launched a massive attack on the cities of Vietnam in an attempt to topple Thiu and reunify the country under their rule. [23][24], When Thiu rose to become president, Minh blamed him for the assassinations. Immediately following the speech, Vice President Trn Vn Hng took the presidency. Nguyen Van Thieu, the son of a small landowner, was born in Vietnam on 5th April, 1923. However, these moves served only to weaken Khnh as large demonstrations and riots broke out in the cities, with majority Buddhists prominent, calling for an end to the state of emergency and the abandonment of the new constitution, as well as a progression back to civilian rule. Relations between the US and the communist regime in Hanoi were formally established in 1995. In 1972, an American working in Vietnam asked for permission to take the name of Mrs. Nguyn Thi Mai Anh for an orchid Brassolaeliocattleya Mai Anh.[2]. Critics claimed that he did so in order to improve his prospects of rising up the military ranks, because Dim was known to favor Catholics. [32] Feeling pressured by the strong condemnations of his colleagues, Khnh said that he would resign. [80] On 7 November, the legislative branch overrode Nixon's veto of the War Powers Act. Lecturer, Researcher at Phenikaa University. [78] Thiu believed the American promise to reintroduce air power against the communists if they made any serious violations of the agreement,[78] and he and his government also assumed that US aid would continue to be forthcoming at previous levels. Chp li hnh nh, Hai tng thng Nguyn Vn Thiu v Johnson ti Honolulu nm 1968 trong thi k rt kh khn ca VNCH. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [6], Madame Thiu died on Friday, October 15, 2021, at her own residence in San Diego County, California. [126] He also pointed out those areas that were currently under communist control which would have to be retaken. Nguyn Vn Thiu (Nguyen Van Thieu) served as South Vietnam's ceremonial head of state in Prime Minister Nguyen Cao Ky's government from 1965 - 67. The US Embassy in Saigon was privately supportive of the aim as Taylor and Khnh had become implacable enemies,[46] but they did not fully back the move as they regarded it as poorly thought out and potentially a political embarrassment due to the need to use an American plane to transport some plotters between Saigon and Washington, and as a result, they promised asylum only for Hng if necessary. Thiu declared this new strategy as "Light at the top, heavy on the bottom. [9] Thiu started as the commander of an infantry platoon fighting against the Vit Minh. Sound Vietnam: President Thidues Daughter Marries. 19/01/1973 PRESIDENT NGUYEN VAN THIEU OF SOUTH VIETNAM ATTENDING THE WEDDING OF HIS DAUGHTER NGUYEN THI TUAN ANH, TO NGUYEN TAN TRIEU - 19/01/1973 TNG TH. [13], In his farewell speech, Thiu said, "I resign, but I do not desert,"[8] but he fled to Taiwan on a C-118 transport plane five days later. Chuyn v chng. [152] Trng requested permission for a withdrawal of his forces into the three enclaves as planned; Thiu ordered him to "hold onto any territory he could with whatever forces he now had, including the Marine Division", implying that he could retreat if and when needed. He was 80 and had. He remained in the post until 8 December 1962, when General Cao Tr took over. With the fall of Xuan Loc on April 21, Thieu resigned and denounced the U.S. for failing to provide needed military aid. The special thing is that she never mentioned anything related to Mr. Thiu's work with us. Omissions? [124], During this time, Thiu was feeling the increased pressure and became increasingly paranoid. [43][45], Khnh's action nullified a counter-plot involving Hng that had developed during the civil disorders that forced him from office. [62], Thiu's regime estimated the civilian dead at 14,300 with 24,000 wounded. Nguyen Van Thieu, who has died aged 78, came to power in South Vietnam in June 1965 as leader of a junta of senior military officers committed to ending the chronic political instability that had. [60], On 3 September 1967, Thiu ran successfully for the presidency with K as his running mate. 19 Nguyen Gia Thieu, Vo Thi Sau Ward, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City . [96], The aid cuts meant that an artillery piece could only fire four rounds a day,[97] and each soldier had only 85 bullets per month. [170][171] In quick succession, the few remaining cities along the coastline "fell like a row of porcelain vases sliding off a shelf" and half the country had fallen in two weeks.
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