Diabetes Care. Dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins and mortality from cardiovascular disease: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study (JACC) study. Michels AJ, Hagen TM, Frei B. Arthritis Rheum. Redox Rep. 2016;21(2):75-83. The capacity of vitamin C to influence the methylation status of DNA and histones in mammalian cells supports a role for the vitamin in health and disease beyond what was previously understood, in particular by safeguarding genome integrity (3, 4). Gerontology. Two randomized controlled trials conducted in the 1990s reported a reduction in reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and myocardial injury with intravenous(136)or oral (137)vitamin C administration prior to CABG surgery (reviewed in 135). 2008;15(1):26-34. 2007;83(11):707-711. 98. Divergent effects of alpha-tocopherol and vitamin C on the generation of dysfunctional HDL associated with diabetes and the Hp 2-2 genotype. In a 1974 radio interview, he noted that "the first 250 mg is more important than any later 250 mg. Rumbold A, Ota E, Nagata C, Shahrook S, Crowther CA. Hutchinson J, Lentjes MA, Greenwood DC, et al. World J Crit Care Med. Adv Nutr. 2005;192(6):1856-1862; discussion 1862-1853. BMC Complement Altern Med. Bertoia M, Albanes D, Mayne ST, Mannisto S, Virtamo J, Wright ME. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Linus Pauling is a hard guy to argue with. 2018;22(1):70. In response to invading microorganisms, phagocytic leukocytes release non-specific toxins, such as superoxide radicals, hypochlorous acid ("bleach"), and peroxynitrite; these reactive oxygen species kill pathogens and, in the process, can damage the leukocytes themselves (15). (PubMed), 119. Therefore, the Linus Pauling Institute's intake recommendation of 400 mg/day of vitamin C for generally healthy adults takes into account the currently available epidemiological, biochemical, and clinical evidence, while acknowledging the extremely low toxicity of vitamin C and the incomplete information regarding optimum intake. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press; 2006:105-111. 2014;311(20):2074-2082. An intervention trial in 75 adult male smokers found that supplementation with 1,000 mg/day of vitamin C resulted in significantly lower blood lead concentration over a four-week treatment period compared to placebo(184). There is a need for larger, longer-duration phase II clinical trials that test the efficacy of intravenous vitamin C in disease progression and overall survival (176). Spoelstra-de Man AME, Elbers PWG, Oudemans-van Straaten HM. 2013;72(1):139-146. In the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) Diet and Health study that included 232,007 participants, the use of vitamin C supplements for at least seven times a week was associated with a 9% lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to non-supplement use (83). In vitro experiments performed using 11 different cancer cell lines demonstrated that sensitivity to vitamin C correlated with the expression of catalase, an enzyme involved in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (172). Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. 1996;173(6):1502-1505. The distribution of ascorbic acid between various cellular components of blood, in normal individuals, and its relation to the plasma concentration. Clinical trials of antioxidants as cancer prevention agents: past, present, and future. Disparate results are likely due to study design issues, often linked to a lack of understanding of vitamin C pharmacokinetics and requirements (19, 20). Rodrigo R, Hasson D, Prieto JC, et al. Milner AD, Rao H, Greenough A. For a more detailed review of scientific research on the bioavailability of different forms of vitamin C, see The Bioavailability of Different Forms of Vitamin C. A number of possible adverse health effects of very large doses of vitamin C have been identified, mainly based on in vitro experiments or isolated case reports, and include genetic mutations, birth defects, cancer, atherosclerosis, kidney stones, "rebound scurvy," increased oxidative stress, excess iron absorption, vitamin B12 deficiency, and erosion of dental enamel. 2013;32(12):1508-1517. Such symptoms appear to be related to the weakening of blood vessels, connective tissue, and bone, which all contain collagen. Phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of high-dose intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with advanced cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. A 2012 review of nine randomized controlled trials found no substantial effect of -carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E, administered individually or in combination over 2.1 to 12 years, on the risk of cataracts or cataract surgery (112). 2008;66(5):237-249. Overall, an inverse association between fruit and vegetable intake and risk of NHL was observed. Am J Epidemiol. J Res Pharm Pract. Oregon State University, Updated in December 2004 by: Austria R, Semenzato A, Bettero A. J Urol. 1995;59(6):1519-1523. 2007;6:41. I've never used his regimen in this regard, but it should help. PLoS One. Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. Tsugane S, Sasazuki S. Diet and the risk of gastric cancer: review of epidemiological evidence. 2011;40(6):483-500. Flavonoids are a class of water-soluble plant pigments that are often found in vitamin C-rich fruit and vegetables, especially citrus fruit and berries (see the article on Flavonoids). A three-year randomized controlled trial in 160 patients with documented coronary heart disease and low blood HDL concentrations found that a combination of simvastatin (Zocor) and niacin increased HDL concentration, inhibited the progression of coronary artery stenosis (narrowing), and decreased the frequency of cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke(202). (PubMed), 47. Massey LK, Liebman M, Kynast-Gales SA. (PubMed). (PubMed), 68 Nagel G, Linseisen J, van Gils CH, et al. (PubMed), 132. In this case, vitamin C is esterified to the saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, resulting in a fat-soluble form of vitamin C. Ascorbyl palmitate has been added to a number of skin creams due to interest in its antioxidant properties, as well as its importance in collagen synthesis (see the separate article, Vitamin C and Skin Health) (188). (PubMed), 179. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ. Arch Intern Med. (PubMed), 24. Linus Pauling recommended at least 3000mg of vitamin C per day as a preventive dose, and significantly higher levels of both vitamin C and lysine for the treatment of existing heart disease. Early symptoms of scurvy like fatigue may result from diminished levels of carnitine, which is needed to derive energy from fat, or from decreased synthesis of the catecholamine norepinephrine (see Function). Interestingly, there was no relationship between diet score and risk of hypertension in those with the lowest plasma vitamin C, and plasma vitamin C was positively associated with risk of hypertension in those with low diet scores (44). 2009;16(1):93-98. (PubMed), 42. Recall Matthias Rath and Linus Pauling's finding that lysine + vitamin C prevents Lipoprotein(a), a cholesterol-like particle, from forming within coronary arteries via its ability to take the place of Lp(a). (PubMed), 59. Contemp Clin Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 1996;155(6):1847-1851. Lysine Reported to Halt Coronaviruses: An Interview with Bill Sardi Science. A 2017 review of eight published randomized controlled trials found inconsistent results from seven trials reporting on the effect of vitamin C supplementation on serum cholesterol and triglycerides, established risk factors for cardiovascular disease(52). Arthritis Res Ther. The Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center provides scientific information on the health aspects of dietary factors and supplements, food, and beverages for the general public. Nutrition and gastric cancer risk: an update. Michels KB, Holmberg L, Bergkvist L, Ljung H, Bruce A, Wolk A. Dietary antioxidant vitamins, retinol, and breast cancer incidence in a cohort of Swedish women. Chen Q, Espey MG, Krishna MC, et al. High Blood Pressure | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University 2013;1(5):e239-240. Synthetic or food-derived vitamin C--are they equally bioavailable? Available at: https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. Zhang ZW, Patchett SE, Perrett D, Katelaris PH, Domizio P, Farthing MJ. Levine M, Padayatty SJ, Espey MG. Vitamin C: a concentration-function approach yields pharmacology and therapeutic discoveries. In the second prospective cohort study, the Diet, Cancer and Health Study, 55,543 Danish adults (ages 50-64 years) were questioned at baseline about their lifestyle, diet, and supplement use during the previous 12 months (125). Sodium ascorbate provides 111 mg of sodium (889 mg of ascorbic acid) per 1,000 mg of sodium ascorbate, and calcium ascorbate generally provides 90 to 110 mg of calcium (890-910 mg of ascorbic acid) per 1,000 mg of calcium ascorbate. In the Cohort of Swedish Men study, self-reported use of single-nutrient vitamin C supplements (taken seven or more times per week) at baseline was associated with a two-fold higher risk of incident kidney stones among 48,840 men (ages 45-79 years) followed for 11 years (199). PLoS One. Specific measures of functions stimulated by vitamin C include cellular motility (10), chemotaxis(10, 11), and phagocytosis(11). (PubMed), 180. (PubMed), 169 Riordan HD, Casciari JJ, Gonzalez MJ, et al. One small placebo-controlled, cross-over trial in 11 men showed that the oral administration of 4 g of vitamin C resulted in a greater vitamin C concentration in plasma over a four-hour period when vitamin C was encapsulated in liposomes compared to unencapsulated vitamin C (190). Harrison J, Rentz DM, McLaughlin T, et al. Yet, short-term randomized controlled studies have found no effect of vitamin C supplementation on fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HbA1c concentrations in healthy individuals (87). Oregon State University, Updated in November 2013 by: (PubMed), 118. 32. 2017;17(1):49. Lancet Glob Health. Thomas LD, Elinder CG, Tiselius HG, Wolk A, Akesson A. Ascorbic acid supplements and kidney stone incidence among men: a prospective study. In the Nurses' Health Study, premenopausal women with a family history of breast cancer who consumed an average of 205 mg/day of vitamin C from food had a 63% lower risk of breast cancer than those who consumed an average of 70 mg/day (65). Jane Higdon, Ph.D. 2018;24(4):248-255. Lessons learned from randomised controlled trials. The role of increased oxidative stress in the occurrence of vascular complications in subjects with diabetes has led to hypothesis that higher intakes of antioxidant nutrients could help lower the risk of CVD in diabetic subjects (144). Reversing Heart Disease | Linus Pauling | Tower Laboratories Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations relate inversely to blood pressure in human subjects. There is little evidence that the flavonoids in most commercial preparations increase the bioavailability or efficacy of vitamin C (187). Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions? Eur J Clin Nutr. SVCT-2 in breast cancer acts as an indicator for L-ascorbate treatment. Moran JP, Cohen L, Greene JM, et al. (PubMed), 102. However, a reduction in blood vitamin C concentrations with these drugs has not been reported in humans (200). Vitamin C supplements are available in many forms, but there is little scientific evidence that any one form is better absorbed or more effective than another. The MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study: preliminary results. PDR for Nutritional Supplements. 2009;56(5):764-770. (PubMed), 69. cholesterol. The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the blood lead levels of smokers. 1983;29(5):305-310. Vitamin C | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University The history of these products might make the reasons for (and differences in them) easier to understand. 1972;177(4043):65-68. Vitamin C. In: Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, Tucker KL, Ziegler TR, eds. Another pilot multicenter trial found better lung function during the first week of life and lower risk of wheezing through one year of age in infants whose smoking mothers were randomized to receive vitamin C (500 mg/day) rather than a placebo during pregnancy (95). Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2003;90(2):148-154. Pastor-Valero M. Fruit and vegetable intake and vitamins C and E are associated with a reduced prevalence of cataract in a Spanish Mediterranean population. ", Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University (PubMed), 63. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Abnormal growth and development have been observed in infants of women exposed to lead during pregnancy, while children who are chronically exposed to lead are more likely to develop learning disabilities, behavioral problems, and to have a low IQ. Anticancer Res. (PubMed), 126. Atherosclerosis. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. Two large prospective studies found dietary vitamin C intake to be inversely associated with breast cancer incidence in certain subgroups. The effects of antenatal smoking on lung function and respiratory symptoms in infants and children. Testimonials - paulingtherapyforheartdisease.com 1998;68(5):309-315. It is not known whether supplemental vitamin C could improve markers of glycemic control in subjects at risk of diabetes. Also after Pauling passed, Life Extension reported on Japanese research showing that vitamin K has hormone-like properties, which help move calcium from soft tissue into bones. 2010;12(2):209-217. (PubMed), 150. The Shibata study. I don't think it will interfere with the citrulline/arginine doses, as long as they are taken separately on an empty stomach (When we start mixing too many amino acids at the same time, we may . 1999;281(15):1415-1423. The Physicians Health Study II was a randomized, placebo-controlled trial that examined the effect of vitamin E (400 IU/day), vitamin C (500 mg/day), and a multivitamin supplement on the risk of cancer in 14,641 middle-aged male physicians over 10.3 years (7.6 years of active treatment plus 2.8 years post-treatment follow-up) (82). Crit Care. 2012;66(5):561-568. 2012;37(12):2706-2714. Endothelial dysfunction results in widespread vasoconstriction and coagulation abnormalities. Vitamin C also limited endothelial dysfunction that was experimentally induced in healthy volunteers (39). The effect of vitamin C, alone or with allopurinol, decreasing serum uric acid was modest and much less than that of allopurinol alone. Ye Y, Li J, Yuan Z. Neutrophils, mononuclear phagocytes, and lymphocytes accumulate vitamin C to high concentrations, which can protect these cell types from oxidative damage(12-14). J Infect Dis. Surprisingly, when an antioxidant combination (1,000 mg vitamin C, 800 IU vitamin E, 100 g selenium, and 25 mg -carotene daily) was taken with the simvastatin-niacin combination, the protective effects were diminished. (PubMed), 207. 2010;341:c4229. In response to increasing oral doses of vitamin C, plasma vitamin C concentration rises steeply at intakes between 30 and 100 mg/day. Angioplasty involves temporarily inserting and inflating a tiny balloon into the clogged artery to help restore the blood flow to the heart. Serum vitamin C and the prevalence of vitamin C deficiency in the United States: 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). In humans, vitamin C concentration is about 15 to 20 times higher in the aqueous humorfluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyethan in plasma, suggesting that the vitamin may be playing an important role in the eye (107). Jane Higdon, Ph.D. Intravenous vitamin C and cancer: a systematic review. (PubMed), 127. Cigarette smoking or second-hand exposure to cigarette smoke contributes to increased blood lead concentration and a state of chronic low-level lead exposure. J Emerg Med. (PubMed), 29. Dingchao H, Zhiduan Q, Liye H, Xiaodong F. The protective effects of high-dose ascorbic acid on myocardium against reperfusion injury during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. About the Pauling Therapy - Heart Disease Cause and Cure (PubMed), 106. Although only a minority of trials delivered vitamin C intravenously, this administration route appeared to be more effective at reducing the risk of atrial fibrillationpresumably due to higher plasma concentrations achieved (140). The lens of the eye focuses light, producing a clear, sharp image on the retina, a layer of tissue on the inside back wall of the eyeball. There is a need for better quality studies to examine the effect of vitamin C on cardiovascular endpoints in participants with elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. While these NIH studies are the best we currently have regarding the pharmacokinetics of vitamin C in the human body, they have numerous limitations, including the fact that they are based on a small number of young, healthy men and women. Pauling LC. Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, et al. Physiological availability of dehydro-L-ascorbic acid and palmitoyl-L-ascorbic acid. Authors' perspective: What is the optimum intake of vitamin C in humans? Forman JP, Choi H, Curhan GC. (PubMed), 94. New York: Marcel Decker, Inc.; 1997:1-24. Collins R, Peto R, Armitage J. All our products feature Linus Pauling's two main recommendations: Lots of vitamin C and the amino acid lysine to neutralize Lp (a) cholesterol. However, studies conducted in humans found no differences in bioavailability of vitamin C from flavonoid-rich whole fruit or fruit juice and synthetic vitamin C (reviewed in 186). Faseb J. 2003;31(4):1250-1256. Crit Care. It contains the highest quality vitamin C that I have been able to find. (PubMed), 9 Vallance S. Relationships between ascorbic acid and serum proteins of the immune system. Tower sells high-dose powdered vitamin C, lysine and proline-rich Lp (a) binding inhibitor drink mixes for cardiovascular disease as recommended by Nobel Prize winning scientist Linus Pauling. Ascorbate in pharmacologic concentrations selectively generates ascorbate radical and hydrogen peroxide in extracellular fluid in vivo. 2014;5:e1083. Controversy surrounding the efficacy of vitamin C in cancer treatment ensued, leading to the recognition that the route of vitamin C administration is critical (22, 159). Nutr Rev. A 2012 meta-analysis of 29 trials found no effect of oral vitamin C, given alone or in combination with other antioxidants, on all-cause mortality (127). (PubMed), 27. ascorbic acid in advanced malignancy. PaulingTherapy.com - Reversing Heart Disease w/o Drugs is Possible Nature. Yet, most studies were small and of short duration and thus did not assess the consequence of long-term use of antioxidant vitamins on the risk of vascular complications in diabetic patients. Hemila H. Vitamin C and common cold-induced asthma: a systematic review and statistical analysis. (PubMed), 13. Conversely, there are case reports suggesting that supplemental vitamin C may lower blood concentrations of some medications, such as fluphenazine (the antipsychotic drug, Prolixin) and indinavir (the antiretroviral drug, Crixivan) (200). Diabet Med. The information should not be used in place of a consultation with a competent health care or nutrition professional. (PubMed), 108. 2004;140(7):533-537. (PubMed), 85. (PubMed), 120. (PubMed), 19. (PubMed), 181. In this latter trial, a greater decline in the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was observed in the supplemented group, however, the significance of this observation remains unclear. 2008;26(3):297-304. Montvale: Thomson Reuters; 2008. 1998;43(3):322-326. Carol's story is but one in 18 YEARS of consistent testimony which demonstrates that Linus Pauling's rec ommended dosages of the vitamin C, lysine (and proline) (which he and Dr. Rath called Lp (a) binding inhibitors) are almost always effective for reversing symptoms of advanced coronary heart disease within 30 to 90 days after achieving the (PubMed), 11. 1977;2(6084):437-438. The dosage of vitamin C was set too low, at one tenth the dosage recommended by the Linus Pauling protocol, and lysine was not provided. THERAPEUTIC: Pauling recommended that those who have had a heart attack or stroke should take at least 6 or more grams of vitamin C and 4 to 6 grams of lysine. New England Journal of Medicine 302:694, 1980. A meta-analysis of 29 small randomized controlled trials of short durations (median duration, 8 weeks) in 1,407 participants (10 to 120 subjects per trial; including both normotensive and hypertensive subjects) found that daily supplementation with 60 to 4,000 mg of vitamin C (median dose, 500 mg) reduced systolic blood pressure by 3.84 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 1.48 mm Hg (45). After five years of follow-up, vitamin C supplement use was associated with a small decreased risk of total mortality, although no association was found with cardiovascular disease- or cancer-specific mortality. 2008;35(9):1853-1858. The Normative Aging Study. Antioxidant effects of vitamins in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Results from 7,277 participants in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 indicated that an estimated 7.1% of individuals ages 6 years were deficient in vitamin Cbased on serum vitamin C concentrations <11.4 mol/L (36). In contrast, observational studies reported lower plasma vitamin C concentrations in AD patients compared to cognitively healthy subjects (101)and found better cognitive function or lower risk of cognitive impairment with higher plasma vitamin C (100). Effect of high dose vitamin C on urinary oxalate levels. Am Heart J. 1999;69(6):1086-1107. (PubMed), 160. In contrast, a much larger trial in more than 20,000 men and women with coronary heart disease or diabetes mellitus found that simvastatin and an antioxidant combination (600 mg vitamin E, 250 mg vitamin C, and 20 mg -carotene daily) did not diminish the cardioprotective effects of simvastatin therapy over a five-year period (203). (PubMed), 130. Valls N, Gormaz JG, Aguayo R, et al. 2001;357(9257):657-663. Individuals on anticoagulants should limit their vitamin C intake to <1 g/day and have their prothrombin time monitored by the clinician following their anticoagulant therapy (200).
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