A) cometary debris. According to this theory, a star narrowly missed colliding, the late 19th century the Kant-Laplace views were criticized by the British physicist James Clerk Maxwell, who showed that, if all the matter contained in the known planets had once been distributed around the Sun in the form of a disk, the shearing forces of differential rotation would have prevented, The book included his nebular hypothesisattributing the origin of the solar system to cooling and contracting of a gaseous nebulawhich strongly influenced future thought on planetary origin. quiz 8 Flashcards | Chegg.com Comets are not actually members of the solar system, but have been captured by the Sun. bodies found beyond Neptune. According to the nebular theory, why did terrestrial planets form in the inner solar system and jovian planets in the outer solar system? D) In differentiated bodies, the denser materials lie near their surfaces. The ices that formed these planets were more plentiful than the metals and silicates that formed the terrestrial inner planets, allowing them to grow massive enough to capture large atmospheres of hydrogen and helium. D) are almost circular, with low eccentricities. E) Eros. Because extrasolar planets are too close to their much brighter parent stars, observers cannot typically observe an extrasolar planet directly. Hydrogen and helium are the most common elements throughout the universe. D) All of the above are true. The Nebular Hypothesis: What is a Solar Nebula? - Study.com E) Stardust. a. orbiting around the Kuiper Belt body Hector [21][33] The latter scenario is thought to be the most promising one, because it can explain the formation of the giant planets in relatively low-mass disks (less than 0.1M). [64] The latter number represents the average lifetime of gaseous disks around Sun-like stars. C) NEAR. D) flattens out into the ecliptic plane around the Sun's poles. c. with the others, between Mars and Jupiter; their red colour gives them their name e. size divided by weight. Whereas the inner planets range from almost 0 degree tilt, others (like Earth and Mars) are tilted significantly (23.4 and 25, respectively), outer planets have tilts that range from Jupiters minor tilt of 3.13, to Saturn and Neptunes more pronounced tilts (26.73 and 28.32), to Uranus extreme tilt of 97.77, in which its poles are consistently facing towards the Sun. In contrast, the giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) formed beyond the point between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where material is cool enough for volatile icy compounds to remain solid (i.e. The Oort Cloud lies closer to the Sun than the Kuiper Belt. stars, as our own planets orbit the Sun. The cores in this hypothesis could have formed locally or at a greater distance and migrated close to the star. A) the crust of a differentiated asteroid, now broken up. C) the asteroid Ceres. lie almost entirely beyond the orbit of Neptune. A) in the Kuiper Belt. | Nebula Types & Differences, Oceanic Ridge System: Formation & Distribution. So the transition from the geocentric view and eternal state the way things are evolved with appreciation of dinosaurs and plate tectonics too and then refining the nebular idea the Nice model the Grand Tack model alittle more? B) an irregularly shaped body, mostly found orbiting between Mars and Jupiter. When it comes to the formation of our Solar System, the most widely accepted view is known as the Nebular Hypothesis. The Pacific Ocean appears to be a large crater, probably the one made by the giant impact. There are three specific qualities that differentiate the two from each other. All planets lie in orbits close to the ________ plane. C) loses angular momentum. f. P2O5\mathrm{P}_2 \mathrm{O}_5P2O5. [22], However, that meaning should not be confused with the process of accretion forming the planets. According to the nebular theory, stars form in massive and dense clouds of molecular hydrogen - giant molecular clouds or GMC. The Condensation Sequences & Planetary Formation, Nebular Theory | Nebular Hypothesis: Explanation. Both types of planet begun with planetesimals growing through the process of accretion, but only the jovian planets were able to capture hydrogen and helium gas from the solar nebula. The Solar Nebula Theory: Formation of the Solar System C) are evenly spaced throughout the solar system. The influence of gravitationally induced angular momentum transport on disk structure and appearance", "Accretion and the evolution of T Tauri disks", "X-rays and Fluctuating X-Winds from Protostars", "Emission-line diagnostics of T Tauri magnetospheric accretion. A) orbiting around the Kuiper Belt body Hector. A) Trojan asteroids Most objects in the Solar System have a common direction of revolution and rotation because they formed from the same rotating gas cloud. E) where the comet came from. C) toward the Sun and disappears at perihelion. E) a broken up cometary nucleus. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). d. the velocity of the comet lower due to presence of a lot of ________. D) Vesta. All four jovian planets are thought to have cores larger than Earth, All jovian planets have rings around their equators and at least eight moons, Pluto is more similar to the jovian planet's icy moons than to any of the planets, Due to their great masses, all four jovian worlds are much denser than the Earth, A Kuiper Belt object was discovered that may be larger than Pluto, Barringer Crater in Arizona is an example of a meteorite impact, Most astronomers now believe the demise of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago was caused by a a. compressive forces Meteor showers are: The planet will probably have a radius of around five to 10 times greater than Earth's. III. This states that the solar system developed out of an interstellar cloud of dust and gas, called a nebula . Astronomers have adjusted the nebular hypothesis to account for some of these problems, but have yet to address all outlying questions. His Trait de mcanique cleste (Celestial Mechanics), appearing in five volumes between 1798 and 1827, summarized the results obtained by his mathematical, According to the nebular hypothesis, part of an interstellar cloud of dust and gas underwent gravitational collapse to form a primeval solar nebula. B) jovian satellites II. Omissions? Streaks of light made when small debris hits our atmosphere are called ________. b. mass times weight b. a few kilometers in size, and very low in density. In essence, this theory states that the Sun, the planets, and all other. Swedish philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg in 1734 proposed that the planets formed out of a nebular crust that had surrounded the Sun and then broken apart. The largest asteroid, and probably the only one to be a spherical "world" is The result of this process, which lasts for 10 to 100million years, is the formation of a limited number of Earth-sized bodies. C) the Sun is unique, made of nothing but hydrogen and helium. Back in the 20th century, the two competing theories as to what force was responsible for the creation of the solar system were the catastrophic hypothesis and the evolutionary hypothesis. A) in the direction of the comet's motion. Episode 12: Where do Baby Stars Come From. D) close to or at perihelion. The remaining gas and dust begin to cluster in small areas around the star forming the planetesimals (small rocks) which in turn cluster to form the proto-planets (primitive planets). Astronomy Ch02.5: Ranking Task: Lunar Phases, Process of Science: Observation Techniques, Abe Mizrahi, Edward E. Prather, Gina Brissenden, Jeff P. Adams. The larger terrestrial planets have surface features that tend to be A) the direction the comet is traveling. All the planets orbit the Sun in exactly the same plane as the Earth. B) cools due to condensation. In the solar nebular theory, the dusty disk condensing around the Sun's equator became the B) The denser planets lie closer to the Sun. [71] Migration is caused by the interaction of the planet sitting in the gap with the remaining disk. This stage is thought to last a few hundred thousand years. AST 111 Chapter 8 Flashcards | Quizlet Describe the function(s) of the placenta. B) lie almost entirely beyond the orbit of Neptune. We have written many articles about the Solar System here at Universe Today. [19], In addition, the giant planets probably had accretion disks of their own, in the first meaning of the word. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, When a cloud of gas and dust in space was disturbed, maybe by the explosion of a nearby star. ________ is the only planet with a mean density less than water. The catastrophic hypothesis is a hypothesis that states that our solar system formed thanks to a sudden and improbable event such as the collision of two stars. 3. ecliptic plane in which the planets then formed. A) more rocky. Now maybe the Grand Tack with the assumption of mantle breaking impacts in the early days those first 10 millions years were heady times! C) an icy body with a long tail extending from it. Here is a brief outline of the current theory of the events in the early history of the solar system: A cloud of interstellar gas and/or dust (the "solar nebula") is disturbed and collapses under its own gravity. Most of the extrasolar planets found so far were detected by How Was the Solar System Formed? - The Nebular Hypothesis E) the satellite system of Jupiter. A) Their images become blurry due to outgassing as the Sun heats them up. Suppose you discover an object that is made of metal, rock, and ice. These stars have powerful solar winds. B) interstellar space. A) slower due to conservation of angular momentum. While originally applied only to the Solar System, the SNDM was subsequently thought by theorists to be at work throughout the Universe, and has been used to explain the formation of many of the exoplanets that have been discovered throughout our galaxy. 21. E) meteoroids. B) faster due to an increase in angular momentum. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Iron meteorites are believed to come from It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. large jovians orbiting solar-type stars about where our jovians are found. After reviewing this lesson, you should have the ability to: 28 chapters | Support comes from observations at infrared and radio wavelengths, which have revealed disks of matter around young stars. In some cases, we have seen extrasolar planets pass in front of their stars. A rocky body between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter is a(n) ________. Elliptical, Irregular & Spiral Galaxies | Types, Comparison & Shapes, Bioremediation: Microbes Cleaning Up the Environment. C) the Moon. Astronomy 101 Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, GACE Special Education Mathematics & Science (088) Prep, History 106: The Civil War and Reconstruction, SAT Subject Test Literature: Practice and Study Guide, Intro to Excel: Essential Training & Tutorials, Create an account to start this course today. The law of conservation of angular momentum. A) Mars. C) the direction of the Sun. The Terrestrial (Rocky) Planets 1. concentrating denser materials nearer the Sun. Meteorites are important because_ Baker, Gregory L. "Emanuel Swenborg an 18th century cosomologist". E) a few hundred kilometers across, and bright, shiny white from its ices. Name three properties of the solar nebula still seen in planetary orbits. , a geographic information system (gis) can integrate maps and database data with queries. Neptune, Comet orbits all have ________ eccentricity compared to the asteroids, Most asteroid orbits lie between those of Mars and ________, A solid body from the outer solar system that arrives intact on the Earth's surface is called [28][31][68] Some combination of the above-mentioned ideas may explain the formation of the cores of gas giant planets such as Jupiter and perhaps even Saturn. Essentially, through accretion, these collisions led to larger and larger masses clumping together . If the mergers happen too early runaway gas accretion may occur leading to the formation of a gas giant. A) comets B) most extrasolar systems are not seen edge-on. Long-period comets are believed to originally come from According to the Solar Nebula theory, planets Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Which of the following have an icy composition? E) a large meteorite impact. e. beyond Neptune, with orbits similar to Pluto's, b. sixty degrees ahead or behind Jupiter, sharing its orbit about the Sun. This explosion made waves in space which squeezed the cloud of gas & dust. E) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune only, jupiter, saturn, uranus, and neptune only. E) all have rings around their equators. E) slower due to a decrease in angular momentum. Jupiter can be considered a clue, too massive to tilt by outside forces. According to this theory, the Sun and all the planets of our Solar System began as a giant cloud of molecular gas and dust. C) sixty degrees ahead or behind Jupiter, sharing its orbit about the Sun. Learn more about the solar nebula. What is the primary reason that astronomers suspect that some jovian moons were captured into their current orbits? D) a chunk of space debris orbiting the Earth. C) more icy. e. a few meters in diameter. Solar nebula | astronomy | Britannica [65] An additional consequence is that a huge number of small planetesimals will remain, because giant planets are incapable of clearing them all out without the help of embryos. 15 II, III, IV Accretion is Ch. the jovian planets are more like the sun than are the terrestrials. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Intro to Astronomy Ch. 8 Flashcards | Quizlet D) should be extremely rare. 9) The Kuiper Belt is found where in the solar system? Astronomy Ch4: The Solar System Flashcards | Quizlet Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis | astronomy | Britannica d. closer on average to the Sun than is the Earth During the late 19th century the Kant-Laplace views were criticized by the British physicist James Clerk Maxwell, who showed that, if all the matter contained in the known planets had once been distributed around the Sun in the form of a disk, the shearing forces of differential rotation would have prevented the condensation of individual planets. It was considered hard to grow grains above a cm, and when they grow they rapidly brake and fall onto the star. Each year, or orbit around the sun, the Earth passes through that same debris trail, leading to an annual meteor shower. E) moving away from the Sun. e. where the ecliptic is. c. the direction the comet is traveling B) only Jupiter There are the intrinsic gradualists and the extrinsic catastrophists. The terrestrial planets formed inside the frost line of the solar nebula and the jovian planets formed beyond it. b. Jupiter [2][21][66] Either method may also lead to the creation of brown dwarfs. Moon Formation Theories & Overview | What is the Capture Theory? The resonant orbits of some of the exoplanet systems indicates that some migration occurred in these systems, while the spacing of the orbits in many of the other systems not in resonance indicates that an instability likely occurred in those systems after the dissipation of the gas disk. B) noting the drop in the star's light as the planet transits its disk. What is not a line of evidence supporting the hypothesis that our Moon formed as a result of a giant impact? Jupiter and Saturn formed earlier and captured nebular gas before it was cleared out. However, the minimum mass nebula capable of terrestrial planet formation can only form 12MEarth cores at the distance of Jupiter (5AU) within 10million years. If a comet's ion tail is pointing perpendicular to its direction of travel, the comet is As. Currently the best theory is the Nebular Theory . The cells in connective tissue that forms new fibers are the _______. The most distant objects in our solar system are: b. have masses 2-10 times that of the earth. Why is the solar nebula theory considered a theory rather than a hypothesis? I highly recommend you use this site! Chapter 8 Concept Quiz Flashcards | Quizlet Gravitational scattering by other planets onto eccentric orbits with a perihelion near the star followed by the circularization of its orbit due to tidal interactions with the star can leave a planet on a close orbit. B) terrestrials with very elongated, distant orbits like comets. In addition, Scottish scientist James Clerk Maxwell (1831 1879) asserted that different rotational velocities between the inner and outer parts of a ring could not allow for condensation of material. This could have been the result of a passing star, or shock waves from a supernova, but the end result was a gravitational collapse at the center of the cloud. All the terrestrial planets lie inside the asteroid belt. The nebular hypothesis has thus become the prevailing theory of the origin of the solar system. According to our present theory of solar system formation, how did Earth end up with enough water to make oceans? They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Most of the material ended up in a ball at the center while the rest of the matter flattened out into disk that circled around it. According to modern science, what was the approximate chemical composition of the solar nebula? Relative to the comet, the direction of the ion tail tells us Most astronomers now regard Pluto as just one of the largest of the thousands of Kuiper Belt c. the satellite system of Jupiter. Another method is the Radial Velocity Methods, which looks for the periodic doppler shifts in the star's spectral lines as it moves about the center of mass. B) caused by the Earth passing near the orbit of an Earthgrazing asteroid. The main issue was angular momentum distribution between the Sun and planets, which the nebular model could not explain. [81], Solar nebular model: achievements and problems, Formation of stars and protoplanetary disks, Compare it with the particle number density of the air at the sea level, The T Tauri stars are young stars with mass less than about 2.5. C) are shorter than the 76-year period for Comet Halley. This diagram represents the solar nebula early in its history and shows the location of the frost line. ________ of young, condensing stars. B) ground based radar images. In short, the process starts with a rotating cloud of gas and dust that contracts and flattens to form a disk around a star forming at its center. [65] In such a region, eccentricities of embryos may become so large that the embryos pass close to a giant planet, which may cause them to be ejected from the system. Name the four principal types of solar-system debris; pair them up in terms of composition, Asteroids: Large chunks of metals and rock primarily formed between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter in the asteroid belt, Metereoroids: A meteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body in outer space.
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