For example, desktop HIAs may consider indirect stakeholder input through review of public comments submitted outside the HIA process, comprehensive HIAs may have relatively little stakeholder engagement, and rapid-appraisal HIAs of smaller-scale proposals may involve collection of some new data to inform the analysis. IPIECA/OGP (International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association and International Association of Oil and Gas Producers). Bhatia R, Wernham A. The development of recommendations should be guided by a consideration of any available evidence regarding effectiveness. Example of a Matrix for Analyzing Health Effects. Possible Elements of a Community Team. Practice Standards for Health Impact Assessment (HIA), Version 1. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The effectiveness of Health Impact Assessment: Scope and Limitations of Supporting Decision-Making in Europe. HIAs are also done by private consultants who are hired by a project proponent or decision-maker or by private-industry stakeholders. Screening is often not well documented, and it is often not clear from an HIA report what factors were considered in making the decision to do an HIA. The HIA team identified the following critical issues that could affect the health of the study area population: access and social equity, physical activity, safety, social capital, and environment (including air quality, noise, and water management). 2019 Feb;22(1):25-31. doi: 10.1089/pop.2018.0049. From Principles to Consider for the Implementation of a Community Health Needs Assessment Process [PDF 457KB] (June 2013), Sara Rosenbaum, JD, The George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, Department of Health Policy. The source of public funding for the project was the Tax Allocation District (TAD), and only within the districts boundaries could funding be collected and bond money spent. Health and impact assessment: Are we seeing closer integration. Furthermore, impact assessments, including HIAs, may rely on proprietary business information whose disclosure is legally barred or could damage a proponents business edge or competitiveness. Knowing Your Community: Community Health Assessment as a Powerful Tool Bender, Kaye PhD, RN, FAAN Author Information Journal of Public Health Management and Practice: doi: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000000599 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. Although rapid or desktop HIAs may not involve stakeholders or consider their input, this often (although not uniformly) reflects a pragmatic response to limitations, such as the timeframe for the decision or resources available to the HIA team, rather than an optimal practice. Sources of information used in a baseline profile might include census data, hospital-discharge records, disease registries, and population and behavior surveys, such as the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, in which information is collected on different geographic scales. In general, the baseline profile focuses on health issues and health determinants that may be affected by the proposal rather than on attempting to provide a complete assessment of community health. It is important for nonprofit hospitals to be knowledgeable about the Internal Revenue Services regulations for CHNAs. Building evaluation into the plans for an HIA early in the process may support and reinforce a more deliberate and careful approach to designing and implementing the HIA itself. As described in Appendix A, there are few laws in the United States that specifically require HIA, although manysuch as the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)require a consideration of health that can be accomplished through HIA. Retrieved fromhttps://www.chausa.org/communitybenefit/assessing-and-addressing-community-health-needs The committee emphasizes that the effectiveness of recommendations depends not only on the scientific validity of the interventions identified but on their relevance to the affected communitys concerns and their applicability within the regulatory or legislative framework of the proposal being considered. 2005; Frank et al. The variation partly reflects the wide array of applications of HIA; for example, it is not necessary or feasible to use the same approaches to involve stakeholders for a local project and for a high-level state or national policy. As described in Box 3-3, the HIA (more). For example, the San Francisco Department of Public Health routinely screens major projects and plans to ensure adequate analysis and mitigation of environmental health impacts. Although the reasons and objectives for HIA are often not articulated at the outset of screening, establishing well-defined objectives will focus the screening process on determining whether HIA is likely to be an effective approach for achieving them. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The associations between expected disturbances and changes in health were then analyzed in more depth to look at the alternatives proposed for the expansion and at the cumulative effects of oil exploration and extraction. For example, the chair of the California Assembly Labor Committee referred to the HIA and asked the opposition to the bill if they condoned the spread of disease through restaurant workers.. The Collective Impact Framework has five key elements: Participants have a common agenda with a joint approach for solving an agreed-upon problem. [online] Available: ICMM (International Council on Mining and Metals). It is also useful to assess the political context of the proposal to be assessed and consider, for example, the major political drivers of the proposal, the arguments made by political supporters and those opposed to the proposal, and any economic or technical constraints that limit the alternatives that can be considered. Calculations were conducted to develop a vulnerability score. The fact, however, that the team conducting the HIA is aware of the decision context allows the assessment to be decision-relevant. The committee notes that qualitative social sciences and participatory-action research provide fertile ground for innovative methods for HIA. As discussed in greater depth in the section on scoping, it is common to convene advisory or steering committees, which can include both technical and policy experts and representatives from stakeholder groups that have an interest in the decision outcome. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Key health effects: Issues were identified through analysis of newspaper coverage; outreach to such groups as local officials, members of the public, and businesses; development of a logic framework; and a survey of people living, working, or attending school near the BeltLine. Northeast National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska, Supplemental Integrated Activity Plan, Record of Decision. During scoping, the HIA team may produce an initial list, refine it on the basis of stakeholder input, and then make it final through research and analysis in the assessment phase. Catholic Health Association of the United States. The baseline should be focused on the issues that are likely to be affected by the proposal. As previously described in the section on Recommendations, monitoring can refer to tracking changes in health indicators as a new project or policy is implemented and has been defined as outcome monitoring. 4 A Community Health Improvement Process - National Center for Not all HIAs will meet all proposed criteria, but the criteria are intended to describe typical practice. DHHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). New surveys to address data gaps or questions specific to the proposal in question are also common in comprehensive HIAs. It should also identify the points at which there is an opportunity for information from the HIA to influence decisions. These 7 components are oftentimes divided into three stages: (1) information, research, and data collection stage, (2) a prioritization and strategy design stage, and (3) an implementation and action stage. The Atlanta Development Authoritys BeltLine Redevelopment Plan (November 2005) was identified as a coherent and publicly accepted vision that had been approved by local elected officials (ADA 2005). Links to nonfederal materials are provided as a public service and do not constitute an endorsement of the materials by CDC or the federal government, and none should be inferred. In 1998, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) completed a Northeast National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska Integrated Activity Plan/Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). The early and central role of stakeholder identification and participation is analogous to the guidance provided in the report published by the Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management (1997). This chapter has described HIA categories, defined HIA, discussed current HIA practice, noted variations in practice, and provided the committees conclusions regarding each step of the HIA process. The committee notes that public involvement is important in screening; information provided by stakeholders may provide insight into the potential effects of a proposal under consideration that contribute to the final determination of whether an HIA is warranted and likely to be useful. An evaluation report should be produced at the conclusion of the HIA that includes the following: Few HIA evaluation data have been published in the United States and relatively few elsewhere. The National Partnership for Women and Families commissioned Human Impact Partners and researchers at the San Francisco Department of Public Health to conduct an HIA of the federal Health Families Act of 2009, which would guarantee workers access to paid sick leave. In other cases, the initial scope is generated by stakeholders and then refined through research and input from advisory or steering committees. Commonly, a core team is responsible for the bulk of writing and analysis. A complete nursing health assessment requires a health professional to examine a patient in a systematic fashion, from head to toe. The HIA conclusions and recommendations should be presented in a manner that is clear and easily understood. EC (European Communities). HIA guidance often points out the need for monitoring and continuing management and verification that mitigation measures are being implemented. Such a plan is often referred to as a public-health management plan or a health-action plan (Quigley et al. The HIA team needed an authoritative description on which to base its assessment. Screening should result in a simple statement that includes the following: Screening is essential for high-quality HIA. The research was funded by the Annie E. Casey Foundation as an initiative with the potential to encourage long-term strategies and partnerships to strengthen families and communities. Human Impact Partners then worked with groups in other states to extrapolate the findings of the national report to local jurisdictions to analyze the health effects of paid sick days. Becoming culturally competent is an ongoing process. The second task is to analyze and characterize effects on health and its determinants for the proposal and for any alternatives under consideration relative to the baseline and to each other. Variations were found in race, age, employment status, poverty, car ownership, and mortality. government site. Evaluation is important for the quality of individual HIAs and for the success of the HIA field as a whole. Screening: HIA of a Residential Housing Program, Example of a logic framework that maps out the possible causal pathways by which health effects might occur, Example of a Table Used for Systematic Scoping, Example of a Matrix for Analyzing Health Effects, Example of a Table for Rating Importance of Health Effects, Assessment: Northeast National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska, Examples of Health and Behavioral Effects That Have Been Addressed Quantitatively in HIA, Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management (1997). However, because few studies have directly assessed the impact of the implementation of policies, plans, programs, or projects on health outcomes, there may be little direct evidence available with which to predict a given measures effectiveness. The grouping of the elements in discrete stages or steps of an HIA is less consistent; some guides list as few as five steps, and others describe as many as nine (Quigley et al. Outcome evaluation requires a suitable research design, ideally an appropriate comparison group, and data from the monitoring of health outcomes or of changes in health determinants as described above. HIA practice is often defined in terms of several categories. Health Impact Assessment on Policies Reducing Vehicle Miles Traveled in Oregon Metropolitan Areas. Participatory approaches that actively engage stakeholders in the process can yield rich information and provide opportunities for stakeholdersincluding community membersto influence the questions asked and to participate in the interpretation of findings. 2005; PHAC 2005; Harris et al. A local community-based organization worked (more). Why Community Health Is Important for Public Health - Tulane University Scoping establishes the boundaries of the HIA and identifies the health effects to be evaluated, the populations affected, the HIA team, sources of data, methods to be used, and any alternatives to be assessed. 8600 Rockville Pike International Finance Corporation Performance Standard 4 Rev -0.1, Community Health, Safety, and Security. University researchers have conducted HIAs, and community-based organizations have conducted HIAs with technical assistance from public-health experts to inform officials who are deliberating on a legislative or administrative proposal. The nature of the proposal being assessed, including alternatives that were included in the analysis. PDF Key Elements of Community Health Improvement Planning: From Assessment By examining the various components of the different assessment and planning models, we are able to identify areas for coordination, ways to maximize collaboration, and strategies to further improve community health. Discuss what entity has the authority or ability to implement each measure and document any commitments to do so. Scoping considers input from many sources, including preliminary literature searches, public input, and professional or expert opinion in fields relevant to the proposal. A community health assessment often yields a long list of public health needs, issues, and problems. In some cases, recommendations are developed by a decision-maker in response to an HIA report (Quigley et al. Health Impact Assessment: SEIC (Sakhalin Energy Investment Company) Phase 2 Development. A community health assessment (sometimes called a CHA), also known as community health needs assessment (sometimes called a CHNA), refers to a state, tribal, local, or territorial health assessment that identifies key health needs and issues through systematic, comprehensive data collection and analysis. This chapter describes the types, structure, and content of HIAs and summarizes the HIA process, methodologic approaches, and variations in practice. A large and growing body of quantitative evidence is available; where specific additional information is needed and resources are available, HIA teams may collect new quantitative data in the course of conducting an assessment. A logic framework was produced to guide the assessment. The assessment also highlighted several potential benefits, such as funding for infrastructure and health care; increased employment and income; and continued funding of existing infrastructure (BLM 2007, p. 500). 2006; Bhatia 2010; ICMM 2010). These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. The expected resource requirements of the HIA and the ability of the HIA team to meet them.