There is no consensus about the correct taxonomic position of fungi in the genera Panaeolus and Panaeolina, which some authorities include in the family Strophariaceae and others in the Bolbitiaceae. Robbers, J. E., V. E. Tyler, and G. M. Olah. Its common names are the shiny mottlegill, or egghead mottlegill. (2001). The basionym of this mushroom dates from 1798 when it was described scientifically by British naturalist James Sowerby (1757 - 1822), who gave it the binomial name Agaricus semiovatus. cubensis, Psi. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development of Western Australia (DPIRD), Australia. nigroviridis, Plu. When horses from Indonesia were brought to southern France to take part in a horse race, the mushroom became established in the wild via their feces (Gerhardt 1987). It was not until 1938 that the Egghead Mottlegill obtained its currently-accepted scientific name; that was when American mycologist Seth Lundell (1892 - 1966) transferred this species ito the genus Panaeolus. Pluteus squarrosus sp. 55, 34. (2020). Stein, Sam I. Where mostly ITS sequence data is available, more genes should be added for phylogenetics, and numerous more species remain to be sequenced. The genus Psilocybe. A Profile of Those Who Use Hallucinogenic Mushrooms, in Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse (Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc), 794800. Stijve, T. 1987. doi: 10.1007/s11557-010-0716-z, Justo, A., Vizzini, A., Minnis, A. M., Menolli, N., Capelari, M., Rodrguez, O., et al. It is not chemically related to either MDMA or other stimulants. doi: 10.6165/tai.2015.60.160, Watling, R. (1977). Phylogenet. Morphological and molecular evidence for a new species of Psilocybe from southern China. Available online at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore [Accessed October 7, 2021]. Phytotaxa 434, 2234. Panaeolina, the genus name of this little brown mushroom, suggests that this species has similarities with those in the genus Panaeolus. Qulet, Panaeolus sepulcralis Berk., Anellaria sepulchralis (Berk.) Food Hyg. Monographs of South American Basidiomycetes, especially those of the east slope of the Andes and Brazil. DNA technologies are allowing researchers to identify fungi at faster rates and higher accuracy than morphological methods (Mullineux and Hausner, 2009; Zhang et al., 2016; Badotti et al., 2017; OHanlon, 2018). Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Minnis, A. M., Sundberg, W. J., Methven, A. S., Sipes, S. D., and Nickrent, D. L. (2006). No toxic or lethal Psilocybe species are known. Cap: 4-10cm in diameter. Panaeolus bisporus - An adventitious fungus in central Europe, rich in psilocin. The reddish brown lamellae are emarginate and later turn black because of the spores. . The ITS regions divided 38 taxa into five well supported clades, called spectabilis-imperialis, nevadensis-penetrans, aeruginosus-luteofolius, lepidotus-subearlei and an unnamed clade formed by G. underwoodii, G. validipes, and G. flavidellus (Guzmn-Dvalos et al., 2003). Soud Lek. Environ. nigroviridis, and Plu. Discrimination of psychoactive fungi (commonly called magic mushrooms) based on the DNA sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Also observed in Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Indonesia and Cambodia. Photo 1 - Author: Jrg Hempel (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Germany), Photo 2 - Author: Renata Borges (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International), Photo 3 - Author: Renata Borges (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International), Photo 4 - Author: Captainpixel (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported), Photo 5 - Author: Tigerente (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported), Panaeolus semiovatus Mushroom Identification, Panaeolus semiovatus Taxonomy and Etymology. In Thailand, Psi. 1959. semiovatus. 24, 13. The genus Pluteus in South America. doi: 10.33585/cmy.60202, Borovika, J., Obornk, M., Stbrn, J., Noordeloos, M. E., Parra Snchez, L. A., and Gryndler, M. (2015). et Br.) The tropical mushroomPanaeolus cyanescens[syn. Available online at: https://mushroomobserver.org/ [Accessed October 7, 2021]. (2013b). Seattle: Pacific Northwest Fungi Project. retirugis, Pan. Coprinaceae (Ink Caps); Subfamily Panaeoloideae, Copelandia cyanescens(Berk. Multiple origins of sequestrate fungi related to Cortinarius (Cortinariaceae). (1987). The family relationships of Panaeolus remain complex. Panaeolina foenisecii(Pers. Reddish beneath minute whitish fibrils, darkening downwards. Treading the fine line between small-statured Gymnopilus and excentrically stipitate Galerina species in Australia. 1st ed. venezolanus (Guzmn et al., 1998). doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800212-4.00076-5. 1969. The pale lamellae become increasingly dark as the black spores develop. undPanaeolus antillarum(Fr.) 10, 153158. Comptes Rendus de lAcadmie des Sciences267:136972. Joe Rogan Experience Podcast #1306. Ramrez-Cruz, V., Guzmn, G., Villalobos-Armbula, A. R., Rodrguez, A., Matheny, P. B., Snchez-Garca, M., et al. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010035. The mushroom grows on horse dung, i.e., in a kind of symbiotic relationship with horses. doi: 10.5248/134.739, Flaherty, G. T., Maxemous, K. K., Nossier, R. E., and Bui, Y. G. (2017). Celluloderma, Pluteaceae) from northeast China. Antioch. Bidr. It was not until 1938 that the Egghead Mottlegill obtained its currently-accepted scientific name; that was when American mycologist Seth Lundell (1892 - 1966) transferred this species to the genus Panaeolus. Psychoactive effects are produced by as little as 1.5 g dry weight (Stein 1959); a visionary dosage is 2.7 g. The psychoactivity of this mushroom was discovered following its accidental ingestion (Bergner and Oettel 1971). Comptes rendus de lAcadmie des Sciences(Paris) 262:51923. In many field guides, it is erroneously listed as psychoactive, however, the mushroom does not produce any hallucinogenic effects. Gymnopilus dunensis, a new species from Punjab province, Pakistan. It is primarily a stimulant similar to a mild amphetamine. Fungi 34, 19. Database establishment for the secondary fungal DNA barcode translational elongation factor 1 (TEF1). Some authorities say that the Egghead Mottlegill is an edible mushroom, but many more categorise it as inedible. Bot. maturity. 610 cm long; 1.53 mm thick; more or less equal, or tapering slightly toward the base; when fresh and young often finely ridged with longitudinal lines of whitish flocculence, but soon becoming bald; white when young, becoming whitish toward the top and brownish to brown below; fragile; hollowing; basal mycelium white. Guzmn, G., Kroeger, P., and Ramirez-Guillen, F. (2016). Botany 91, 573591. Mycology 1, 130153. Gartz, Jochen. doi: 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1, Mullineux, T., and Hausner, G. (2009). Rumack, B. H., and Spoerke, D. G. (1994). karstedtiae, Plu. and that there are concerns that it may contain the hallucinogen psilocybin, I must recommend that this mediocre mushroom be treated as 'only for viewing, not for chewing'. Subbalteatus, and Pan. sphinctrinus, Pan. It is sticky when wet, and often wrinkles when dry. amzn_assoc_linkid = "175fb54f78591e25daf3429f298260c1"; Araujo, R., and Sampaio-Maia, B. Hemispherical or like half an egg (hence the 18, 805831. It is partial to rain and will be found growing on or in the dung of four-legged animals. A worldwide geographical distribution of the Neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion. 1970. Phylogenetic relationships of alpha-amanitin producing Galerina from British Columbia. Phytotaxa 428, 5159. doi: 10.1201/9780429061653-11, Guzmn, G. (2012). Mycologia 107, 12051220. The specific epithet foenisecii simply refers to haymaking. 59, 14501454. The gills of Pa Records and new species of Pluteus from Brazil based on morphological and molecular data. Bot. (2008). (2020). Yearbook for Ethnomedicine and the Study of Consciousness,1992 (1): 99115. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1117018109, Senn-Irlet, B., Nyffenegger, A., and Brenneisen, R. (1999). Planta Med. amzn_assoc_ad_type = "smart"; Mycologia 77:172. doi: 10.2307/3793267, Redhead, S. A., Moncalvo, J.-M., Vilgalys, R., Matheny, P. B., and Guzmn, L. Guzmn-Dvalos. doi: 10.21829/abm100.2012.32. on recently manured soil et Br.) 62, 404412. Hallucinogens: circuits, behavior, and translational models, in Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse. brunneocrinitus, Plu. One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics. The Guide to N. American Mushrooms doesn't list its edibility status. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam. Pluteus cervinus and Laccaria moshuijun (Agaricales, Basidiomycota), New Records from Pakistan. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800212-4.00073-X. The genus is known for edible species, including Pluteus cervinus (Halling et al., 1987; Ishaq et al., 2021). doi: 10.21010/ajtcam.v13i6.15, Keywords: hallucinogenic mushrooms, taxonomy, phylogeny, Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus, Gymnopilus, psychedelic mushrooms, Citation: Strauss D, Ghosh S, Murray Z and Gryzenhout M (2022) An Overview on the Taxonomy, Phylogenetics and Ecology of the Psychedelic Genera Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus and Gymnopilus. Mushrooms 2004:70. doi: 10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v6.i3.70, Guzmn-Dvalos, L., and Herrera, M. (2006). English Names for Fungi. One other obvious difference between fungi in these two genera can be seen provided you have access to a high-powered microscope: you will see that the spores of Panaeolus fungi are smooth while those of Panaeolinus are minutely roughened. Front. The blue meanie is the perfect alchemist: it transforms dung into gold, into the golden light of enlightenment., This illustration, inspired by the use of mushrooms, clearly depicts jambur mushrooms (Panaeolus cyanescens) at work inside the figures head. (1889), Photo 1 - Author: Alan Rockefeller (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International), Photo 2 - Author: Strobilomyces (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic), Photo 3 - Author: Jerzy Opioa (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International), Photo 4 - Author: Axel Ruiz (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International), Panaeolina foenisecii Mushroom Identification, Panaeolina foenisecii Taxonomy and Etymology. Denmark: Nordic Council of Ministers. Ma, T., Feng, Y., Lin, X. F., Karunarathna, S. C., Ding, W. F., and Hyde, K. D. (2014). No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. doi: 10.1124/pr.115.011478. thaicordispora, Psi. Saupe, S. G. (1981). Phytotaxa 312, 6070. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800212-4.00074-1. New taxonomical and ethnomycological observations on Psilocybe s.s. (Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) from Mexico, Africa and Spain.